Through project-based learning, students examine fruit and vegetable farms to discover the amount of manual labor required to plant, grow, and harvest some of our food. They research the business economics of farm management, the plant life cycle, and the requirements and challenges faced in reducing manual labor through mechanization or robotics. Students present their findings to an agricultural engineer to begin developing a solution to farm labor shortages. Grades 6-8

machine: an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task; a device used to help make work easier

robot: a mechanical device that is capable of performing a variety of tasks on command or according to instructions programmed in advance

Robots Wanted! is a Project-Based Learning (PBL) plan. PBL is a teaching method in which students gain knowledge and skills by working for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to an authentic, engaging, and complex question, problem, or challenge.1

A quality PBL experience requires seven essential elements.

1. Challenging Problem or Question: The project is framed by a meaningful problem to be solved or a question to answer at the appropriate level of challenge.
2. Sustained Inquiry: Students engage in a rigorous, extended process of posing questions, finding resources, and applying information.
3. Authenticity: The project involves real-world context, tasks and tools, quality standards, or impact, or the project speaks to personal concerns, interests, and issues in the students' lives.
4. Voice and Choice: Students make some decisions about the project, including how they work and what they create.
5. Reflection: Students and teachers reflect on the learning, the effectiveness of their inquiry and project activities, the quality of student work, the obstacles that arise and strategies for overcoming them.
6. Critique and Revision: Students give, receive, and apply feedback to improve their process and products.
7. Public Product: Students make their project work public by explaining, displaying, and/or presenting it to audiences beyond the classroom.²

Farm Labor and Mechanization

We live in a highly mechanized and sophisticated world. While agriculture has seen numerous advances in technology to decrease labor in the farm-to-fork process of food in the last 100 years, there is still a large number of processes that are performed manually by skilled laborers.

Fruit and vegetable crops in the United States are among the most labor-intensive.⁴ Fruit and vegetable producers are highly dependent on large crews of skilled laborers, especially during harvest when precise timing is critical. An early or delayed harvest can significantly decrease the quality of the food product. Many challenges exist for farm producers to secure the labor necessary to successfully grow and harvest the food that we eat. A few challenges include:

• Many farm jobs are short-term or seasonal. For example, many crops are harvested only once per year. In this case, farmers need a large number of laborers to work for a short period of time until the harvest is complete. The timing for harvest is also impacted by changing weather and can be sped up or delayed with little notice.
• Many jobs include work that is physically demanding and requires lifting heavy loads and performing repetitive tasks in the hot sun, rain, humidity, or other uncomfortable environments.
• Relatively low wages, especially in comparison to the hard work performed, are prevalent in agriculture. Farms are businesses. In order to be economically sustainable, they must keep their production costs below their sale price or the farm will fail.
• Because many agricultural workers are natives of countries outside of the United States, immigration reform impacts the availability of workers in agriculture. Although the working conditions are difficult and the pay is low, farm work in the United States can be an improvement to the situation of some immigrant workers.⁴ While immigration is a complicated matter, consider the dependence we currently have on migrant labor. Watch Will the Last Farmer in America Please Turn Out the Light? where Nicole Jolly, host of True Food TV, shares her perspective of hard working farm laborers after visiting dozens of farms across the U.S. filming episodes of How Does it Grow?

Technological innovations in agriculture abound. Tractors, trucks, farm implements, and harvesters have already made big steps in some areas of agriculture to decrease manual labor and increase the capacity of farmers to produce food for a growing population. These examples represent machines. They repeat predetermined motions and cannot respond to changes in the external environment without an operator intervening. Robots can perform repeated motions just like a machine, but can also be programmed or given specific instructions and scenarios. For example, a robot can be programmed to only pick a strawberry when it is a specific size and color.

There are still many areas of agriculture where technology has not yet surpassed the precision of human labor. Fruit and vegetable farming is especially labor intensive. Many of the foods we purchase regularly in the produce aisle were planted and harvested by hand, requiring large crews of workers. The quest for more mechanization has already begun, but challenges exist. Some crops do not ripen all at once, so a worker's trained eye and hand are necessary to look for precise coloring and firmness to indicate readiness to pick. Another challenge is to create a machine that picks the fruit or vegetable without damaging the bush, vine, or tree it was grown on.

Career Highlights This PBL plan introduces students to the following career opportunities: agricultural technician, agricultural engineer, design engineer, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, software developer, automation technician, business manager, general and operations manager. Explore the career profiles to discover job outlooks, education requirements, and average salaries.

At the beginning of this project, students are introduced to key content using a compelling situation that provides context and serves as a catalyst for an authentic problem or challenge. In Project-Based Learning (PBL), this authentic problem/challenge is referred to as an "Entry Event." Students use the Entry Event to initiate inquiry by reflecting on their prior knowledge of the key content, generating questions that they need to know the answers to in order to successfully complete the project or process that will solve the problem, and identifying what their next steps might be to answer their questions. These questions are used in an ongoing way throughout the project to track learning and guide inquiry. While students may have several questions, one driving question needs to be agreed upon that, when answered, should address the initial solution. Refer to Milestone 1 for Entry Event procedures.

In PBL, projects are organized into milestones. Each milestone represents a significant stage of the project. Click on each milestone below to access instructional procedures.

Milestone 1: Entry Event (approximately 1 day)

Milestone 2: Research (approximately 3 days)

Milestone 3: Planning and Development (approximately 2 days)

Milestone 4: Final Presentation (approximately 1 day)

As a final wrap-up, review and summarize the following key points:

• The technology used to produce our food has changed over time helping to feed a growing population.
• The process of growing and harvesting some foods is highly mechanized. These crops include wheat, corn, potatoes, nuts, onions, and rice.
• Other foods, especially fruits and vegetables, still require a high level of manual labor.
• Labor accounts for a portion of a farm's business expenses. 

1. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2010/december/labor-intensive-us-fruit-and-vegetable-industry-competes-in-a-global-market/
2. https://www.pblworks.org/what-is-pbl
3. https://www.pblworks.org/what-is-pbl/gold-standard-project-design
4. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2010/december/labor-intensive-us-fruit-and-vegetable-industry-competes-in-a-global-market/
5. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor/

• Agriculture Technology Advancements Video Playlist
• Amelia's Road
• Calling the Doves
• Esperanza Rising
• Field Robots of the Future
• Fighting Weeds: Can we reduce, or even eliminate herbicides by utilizing robotics and AI?
• First Day in Grapes
• Harvesting Hope: The Story of Cesar Chavez
• Migrant
• Radio Man
• Robotic Farming of the Future
• Side By Side: The Story of Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez
• The Farming Robots of Tomorrow are Here Today
• The Future of Farming & Agriculture video